The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

必须在密集的注释图像上培训最先进的实例分段方法。虽然一般而言，这一要求对于生物医学图像尤其令人生畏，其中域专业知识通常需要注释，没有大的公共数据收集可用于预培训。我们建议通过基于非空间嵌入的非空间嵌入的联盟分割方法来解决密集的注释瓶颈，该方法利用所学习的嵌入空间的结构以可分散的方式提取单个实例。然后可以将分割损耗直接应用于实例，整体管道可以以完全或弱监督的方式培训，包括积极解贴的监管的具有挑战性的情况，其中为未标记的部分引入了一种新的自我监督的一致性损失训练数据。我们在不同显微镜模型以及城市景观和CVPPP实例分段基准中评估了对2D和3D分段问题的提出的方法，在后者上实现最先进的结果。该代码可用于：https://github.com/kreshuklab/spoco

The receptive field (RF), which determines the region of time series to be ``seen'' and used, is critical to improve the performance for time series classification (TSC). However, the variation of signal scales across and within time series data, makes it challenging to decide on proper RF sizes for TSC. In this paper, we propose a dynamic sparse network (DSN) with sparse connections for TSC, which can learn to cover various RF without cumbersome hyper-parameters tuning. The kernels in each sparse layer are sparse and can be explored under the constraint regions by dynamic sparse training, which makes it possible to reduce the resource cost. The experimental results show that the proposed DSN model can achieve state-of-art performance on both univariate and multivariate TSC datasets with less than 50\% computational cost compared with recent baseline methods, opening the path towards more accurate resource-aware methods for time series analyses. Our code is publicly available at: https://github.com/QiaoXiao7282/DSN.

This paper describes the 5th edition of the Predicting Video Memorability Task as part of MediaEval2022. This year we have reorganised and simplified the task in order to lubricate a greater depth of inquiry. Similar to last year, two datasets are provided in order to facilitate generalisation, however, this year we have replaced the TRECVid2019 Video-to-Text dataset with the VideoMem dataset in order to remedy underlying data quality issues, and to prioritise short-term memorability prediction by elevating the Memento10k dataset as the primary dataset. Additionally, a fully fledged electroencephalography (EEG)-based prediction sub-task is introduced. In this paper, we outline the core facets of the task and its constituent sub-tasks; describing the datasets, evaluation metrics, and requirements for participant submissions.

The Predicting Media Memorability task in the MediaEval evaluation campaign has been running annually since 2018 and several different tasks and data sets have been used in this time. This has allowed us to compare the performance of many memorability prediction techniques on the same data and in a reproducible way and to refine and improve on those techniques. The resources created to compute media memorability are now being used by researchers well beyond the actual evaluation campaign. In this paper we present a summary of the task, including the collective lessons we have learned for the research community.

We introduce M-VADER: a diffusion model (DM) for image generation where the output can be specified using arbitrary combinations of images and text. We show how M-VADER enables the generation of images specified using combinations of image and text, and combinations of multiple images. Previously, a number of successful DM image generation algorithms have been introduced that make it possible to specify the output image using a text prompt. Inspired by the success of those models, and led by the notion that language was already developed to describe the elements of visual contexts that humans find most important, we introduce an embedding model closely related to a vision-language model. Specifically, we introduce the embedding model S-MAGMA: a 13 billion parameter multimodal decoder combining components from an autoregressive vision-language model MAGMA and biases finetuned for semantic search.

Transcription of legal proceedings is very important to enable access to justice. However, speech transcription is an expensive and slow process. In this paper we describe part of a combined research and industrial project for building an automated transcription tool designed specifically for the Justice sector in the UK. We explain the challenges involved in transcribing court room hearings and the Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques we employ to tackle these challenges. We will show that fine-tuning a generic off-the-shelf pre-trained Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system with an in-domain language model as well as infusing common phrases extracted with a collocation detection model can improve not only the Word Error Rate (WER) of the transcribed hearings but avoid critical errors that are specific of the legal jargon and terminology commonly used in British courts.

Recent works have impressively demonstrated that there exists a subnetwork in randomly initialized convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that can match the performance of the fully trained dense networks at initialization, without any optimization of the weights of the network (i.e., untrained networks). However, the presence of such untrained subnetworks in graph neural networks (GNNs) still remains mysterious. In this paper we carry out the first-of-its-kind exploration of discovering matching untrained GNNs. With sparsity as the core tool, we can find \textit{untrained sparse subnetworks} at the initialization, that can match the performance of \textit{fully trained dense} GNNs. Besides this already encouraging finding of comparable performance, we show that the found untrained subnetworks can substantially mitigate the GNN over-smoothing problem, hence becoming a powerful tool to enable deeper GNNs without bells and whistles. We also observe that such sparse untrained subnetworks have appealing performance in out-of-distribution detection and robustness of input perturbations. We evaluate our method across widely-used GNN architectures on various popular datasets including the Open Graph Benchmark (OGB).

通常，在加固学习（RL）中，奖励会随着时间的流逝而使用指数函数来模拟时间偏好，从而限制了预期的长期奖励。相反，在经济学和心理学中，已经表明人类通常采用双曲线折现方案，当假定特定的任务终止时间分布时，这是最佳的。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种基于连续的基于模型的强化学习的理论，将其推广到任意折扣功能。该公式涵盖了存在非指数随机终止时间的情况。我们得出了表征最佳策略的汉密尔顿 - 雅各比 - 贝尔曼（HJB）方程，并描述了如何使用搭配方法来求解它，该方法使用深度学习进行函数近似。此外，我们展示了如何解决逆RL问题，其中人们试图恢复给定决策数据的折现功能的属性。我们在两个模拟问题上验证了我们提出的方法的适用性。我们的方法为分析在顺序决策任务中分析人类折现的道路开辟了道路。

安全关键系统通常在调试之前进行危害分析，以识别和分析操作过程中可能出现的潜在危险系统状态。当前，危害分析主要基于人类的推理，过去的经验以及清单和电子表格等简单工具。增加系统复杂性使这种方法非常合适。此外，由于高成本或身体缺陷的危险，基于测试的危害分析通常不适合。对此进行的补救措施是基于模型的危害分析方法，这些方法依赖于正式模型或模拟模型，每个模型都具有自己的好处和缺点。本文提出了一种两层方法，该方法使用正式方法与使用模拟的详细分析结合了详尽分析的好处。首先使用监督控制理论从系统的形式模型中合成了导致不安全状态的不安全行为。结果是输入到模拟的输入，在该模拟中，使用域特异性风险指标进行了详细的分析。尽管提出的方法通常适用，但本文证明了该方法对工业人类机器人协作系统的好处。